Regional Strategies of Multinational Pharmaceutical Firms

This paper examines the R&D and strategies of the world’s largest firms in the pharmaceuticals sector and finds a high degree of intra-regional sales. R&D and sales are more concentrated within North America and Europe than in Asia. In addition, the relative size of the U.S. market, compared to other parts of the triad, creates imbalances with respect to R&D, sales and international strategy.

COVID-19 and stay-at-home orders: An application of routine activity theory in Philadelphia

The coronavirus pandemic changed the routines of people all over the world. Because of the implementation of government stay-at-home orders, people started doing more of their daily activities from home. This explores the impact coronavirus had on burglary counts in Philadelphia. Data were used from OpenDataPhilly to compare both non-residential and residential burglary counts from April through June 2019 and April through June 2020, a latter time frame, a period when routine activities were likely significantly altered as many more people stayed at home. It was anticipated that as more people stay at home and Philadelphia would experience fewer residential burglaries and at the same time, non-residential burglaries would increase. Residential burglaries decreased from April through June 2019 to April through June 2020, while non-residential burglaries increased from April through June 2019 to April through June 2020

The ‘Little Ice Age’ in the Southern Hemisphere in the context of the last 3000 years : Peat-based proxy-climate data from Tierra del Fuego

DM’s research (at Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University) was supported through a European Community Marie Curie Fellowship (Contract HPMF-CT-2000-01056).Peer reviewedPostprin

The ADHM Construction of Instantons on Noncommutative Spaces

We present an account of the ADHM construction of instantons on Euclidean space-time $\mathbb{R}^4$ from the point of view of noncommutative geometry. We recall the main ingredients of the classical construction in a coordinate algebra format, which we then deform using a cocycle twisting procedure to obtain a method for constructing families of instantons on noncommutative space-time, parameterised by solutions to an appropriate set of ADHM equations. We illustrate the noncommutative construction in two special cases: the Moyal-Groenewold plane $\mathbb{R}^4_\hbar$ and the Connes-Landi plane $\mathbb{R}^4_\theta$.Comment: Latex, 40 page

Psychosocial Health Education Within Community Mental Health Inpatient Recovery Wards In UK: Patients’ Voices

Societies include people vulnerable to mental health distress; such people may find themselves detained. Mental health recovery wards seek to rehabilitate individuals who suffer severe, and enduring mental health distress, through community living, to re-establish, or learn new life-skills. The National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE) recommended more structured group activity to improve interpersonal functioning, including psychologically informed approaches. Psychosocial health education is qualified teacher-led, rather than psychoeducation, psychology, or interventions implemented by other health professionals, peer support workers, or storytelling by patients to each other. This study outlines patients’ evaluations of psychosocial education within inpatient recovery/rehabilitation wards during 2016-2021. Patients (87%; n=82) who opted to attend 12 courses, provided anonymous voices through use of a numerical rating scale, manuscript written free text (n=93), and completed a short questionnaire (n=10), across two National Health Service (NHS) wards in the West Midlands, England, UK. Patients’ voices were qualitatively analysed thematically. Ten distinguished themes suggested that psychosocial education was interesting, enjoyable, sociable, transformative, of decent quality, and projected to be of much benefit to patients’ future lives. Ratings (n=270) were hierarchically analysed using GENSTAT to distinguish patients’ preferences. Preferences for courses from patients’ voices were exercise and mental health, wellness planning, feelings and emotions, Tai chi, mood and food, steps to confidence, stress busting, hearing voices, peer recovery, self-esteem, motivation, and bite size psychology. Patients believed education, with goal setting supported by all staff, provided new embedded knowledge, applicable to integration into society, with improved interpersonal functioning

Cerebellar Cortex, Purkinje Cell Layer

This report contains a summary of expression patterns for genes that are enriched in the Purkinje cell layer (CBXpu) of the cerebellum. All data is derived from the Allen Brain Atlas (ABA) in situ hybridization mouse project. The structure's location and morphological characteristics in the mouse brain are described using the Nissl data found in the Allen Reference Atlas. Using an established algorithm, the expression values of the CBXpu were compared to the values of its larger parent structure, in this case the cerebellar cortex, for the purpose of extracting regionally selective gene expression data. The highest ranking genes were manually curated and verified. 50 genes were then selected and compiled for expression analysis. The experimental data for each gene may be accessed via the links provided; additional data in the sagittal plane may also be accessed using the ABA. A gene ontology table (derived from DAVID Bioinformatics Resources 2007) is also included, highlighting possible functions of the 50 genes selected for this report. 
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Anterior Olfactory Nucleus

This report contains a gene expression summary of the anterior olfactory nucleus (AON), derived from the Allen Brain Atlas (ABA) in situ hybridization mouse data set. The structure's location and morphological characteristics in the mouse brain are described using the Nissl data found in the Allen Reference Atlas. Using an established algorithm, the expression values of the AON were compared to the values of the macro/parent-structure, in this case the olfactory areas, for the purpose of extracting regionally selective gene expression data. The genes with the highest ranking selectivity ratios were manually curated and verified. 50 genes were then selected and compiled for expression characterization. The experimental data for each gene may be accessed via the links provided; additional data in the sagittal plane may also be accessed using the ABA. Correlations between gene expression in the AON and the rest of the brain, across all genes in the coronal dataset (~4300 genes), were derived computationally. A gene ontology table (derived from DAVID Bioinformatics Resources 2007) is also included, highlighting possible functions of the 50 genes selected for this report

Severe loss-of-function mutations in the adrenocorticotropin receptor (ACTHR, MC2R) can be found in patients diagnosed with salt-losing adrenal hypoplasia

Objective: Familial glucocorticoid deficiency type I (FGD1) is a rare form of primary adrenal insufficiency resulting from recessive mutations in the ACTH receptor (MC2R, MC2R). Individuals with this condition typically present in infancy or childhood with signs and symptoms of cortisol insufficiency, but disturbances in the renin-angiotensin system, aldosterone synthesis or sodium homeostasis are not a well-documented association of FGD1. As ACTH stimulation has been shown to stimulate aldosterone release in normal controls, and other causes of hyponatraemia can occur in children with cortisol deficiency, we investigated whether MC2R changes might be identified in children with primary adrenal failure who were being treated for mineralocorticoid insufficiency. Design: Mutational analysis of MC2R by direct sequencing. Patients: Children (n = 22) who had been diagnosed with salt-losing forms of adrenal hypoplasia (19 isolated cases, 3 familial), and who were negative for mutations in DAX1 (NR0B1) and SF1 (NR5A1). Results: MC2R mutations were found in three individuals or kindred (I: homozygous S74I; II: novel compound heterozygous R146H/560delT; III: novel homozygous 579-581delTGT). These changes represent severely disruptive loss-of-function mutations in this G-protein coupled receptor, including the first reported homozygous frameshift mutation. The apparent disturbances in sodium homeostasis were mild, manifest at times of stress (e.g. infection, salt-restriction, heat), and likely resolved with time. Conclusions: MC2R mutations should be considered in children who have primary adrenal failure with apparent mild disturbances in renin-sodium homeostasis. These children may have been misdiagnosed as having salt-losing adrenal hypoplasia. Making this diagnosis has important implications for treatment, counselling and long-term prognosi

Learning from the past with experiment databases

Thousands of Machine Learning research papers contain experimental comparisons that usually have been conducted with a single focus of interest, and detailed results are usually lost after publication. Once past experiments are collected in experiment databases they allow for additional and possibly much broader investigation. In this paper, we show how to use such a repository to answer various interesting research questions about learning algorithms and to verify a number of recent studies. Alongside performing elaborate comparisons and rankings of algorithms, we also investigate the effects of algorithm parameters and data properties, and study the learning curves and bias-variance profiles of algorithms to gain deeper insights into their behavior

Barley foliage diseases

General comments and highlights Scald: Effect of time of application - 83BA10, 83MT9. Scald: Effect of rate of fungicide – 83BA11. Scald: Comparing fungicides – 83BA42. Scald: Effect of seeding rate – 83BA12, 83MT10. Scald: Response to fungicide in farmer\u27s field – 83AL18, 83AL81, 83AL82. Scald: Variation in pathogenicity – 83AB11, 83BA13, 83MT11, 83WH7. Scald: Cultivar x fungicide in farmer\u27s field – 83LG63. Net Blotch: Potential yield losses – 83A15, 83BA15, 83WH6. Net Blotch: Screening new fungicides – 83BA43. Spot-type net blotch: Potential yield losses – 83C5. Spot-type net blotch: Sources of resistance - Chapman Research Station, Nabawa. Powdery mildew fungicide x growth regulator – 83E5. Powdery mildew Cultivar x fungicide x nitrogen – 83E6. Powdery mildew Response to fungicide in farmer\u27s crops (Esperance) – 83ES4, 83ES5, 83ES50, 83ES51, 83ES52, 83ES53. Note that ES52 was abandoned and only disease data are available from ES4. Powdery mildew Response to fungicide in farmer\u27s crops (Albany) – 83AL80, 83AL83. Powdery mildew Screening fungicides – 83PE53